September 2000, Vol. 14, No. 3, 380-400
             Ellen E. Pinderhuhges, Kenneth A. Dodge, John E. Bates, Gregory S. Pettit, Arnaldo Zelli
             Published by the American Psychology Association
             "Discipline Responses Influences of Parents' Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, Beliefs About Parenting, Stress, and Cognitive-Emotional Processes"
             In the September, 2000 "Journal of Family Psychology", several hypotheses relating to Parental discipline practices that are integral in theories of children's socialization, are explored. Many parents' use of physical punishment with their child is of special interest, but is not pertaining to the child's best interest. Numerous theories play a role for physical punishment in the development of antisocial behavior in children. This study tested direct and indirect contributions of socioeconomic status to discipline responses, direct and indirect contributions of ethnicity to discipline responses. The study, part of a longitudinal investigation of child development, used cross-sectional data. Parents' responses to multiple hypothetical vignettes involving child misbehavior, were the measure of discipline responses. Parenting beliefs, family stress, parents' perception of the child, and cognitive-emotional processes were hypothesized to mediate relations between socioeconomic !
             status and discipline responses and relations between ethnicity and discipline responses. Parenting beliefs included beliefs about (a) the effectiveness of spanking and (b) the appropriateness of peer-directed aggression by the child. Stressors included marital status, number of children, having an unplanned pregnancy, living in an unsafe neighborhood, and conflict in romantic relationships. Parent perception of the child was assessed as the distinctiveness of the description of the child and parental affect toward the child. Cognitive-emotional processes included hostile attribution of the child, upset affect...