communism

1) Control of Italy

-a struggle between the patricians and the plebeians existed

-plebeians could not get the good jobs

-they refused to fight in the army unless they could get better jobs & had better laws

-officials wrote the laws of Rome on 12 tablets

-now, all laws applied to everyone

-many believed that Rome had the best government

1) 2 consuls: in command of the army and controlled the government

-only ruled for 1 year; could not rule for another 10 years

-one consul could veto the other consul’s decision

2) Senate – was a senator for life; very powerful

3) Assembly – consisted of citizen soldiers

4) Dictator – a leader who had absolute power

-one person who was turned to in times of trouble

-gradually, Rome was defeating other Latin cities and the Etruscans

-in 390 B. , senators led by Brutus and Cassius led other senators to assassinate Caesar

-he died with the words “Et tu, Brute!”

-a third civil war (Marius and Sulla, Caesar and Pompey) broke out

-Octavian defeated Mark Antony

-Mark Antony, although married, loved Cleopatra, and Egyptian queen

-Octavian named himself ‘First Citizen” instead of king

-the Senate wanted him to be known as Augustus or “Exalted one”

-the Senate now held very little power while Augustus ruled the empire

-Augustus ruled Rome for the next 41 years; a period of peace and prosperity

. , the Gauls attacked Rome

-the Gauls sacked Rome and made the Romans pay them to leave

-Rome quickly rebuilt the city and took control of Italy except the “heel and toe”

-the Greeks felt threatened by the Romans and brought Pyrrhus, a king and general, to Italy

-even though the Greeks won the battles, they suffered a lot of casualties and lost the war

-those who lived on the Tiber were full citizens of Rome

-those who were conquered people were ½ citizens; every right but the right to vote

2) Control of the Mediterranean

-Rome fought with Carthage over control of the western part of the Mediterranean and its trade routes

-know as the 1st Punic War

Rome Carthage

Population ? 250,000

Size 1/3 the size of Carthage 3 times the size of Rome

Navy 0 ships 500 Ships

Wealth ? 1 million pounds of gold

Other 500,000 troops Had mercenaries from Numidia

? Not mentioned in text

-Rome was able to create a fleet of 140 ships by copying a Carthage ship that washed up on shore

-fought hand to hand at sea by using the ‘raven’ to keep the enemy ship close

-finally, Rome defeated the Carthaginians and took Sicily as compensation

-Rome then kicked the Gauls out of northern Italy

-Carthage took control of southern Spain

-the Second Punic War started when Hannibal invaded Italy

-he took 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry and 60 elephants from Spain to invade Rome

-despite being outnumbered, Hannibal defeated Rome badly in three different battles

-they roamed the land but were unable to defeat Rome because of its’ walls

-also, reinforcements never came

-a Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage which forced Hannibal to go there

-Scipio defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama

-if Carthage had won, they, perhaps could’ve been the great empire that Rome had become

-this ended the 2nd Punic War

-the Romans took over Macedon and most Greek states

-they also attacked Carthage again, in revenge even though it was no longer a strong power

-after a siege of three years, Carthage was sacked and burned

Republican Government

-Hannibal’s army had destroyed much of Italy

-farmers raised cattle instead of grain using slaves for workers; grain prices were low

-returning soldiers had no jobs; were called proletariat

-lots of wealth from captured countries

-rich became richer

-everyone owned slaves who were unhappy in Italy

-a third uprising was led by Spartacus, a slave turned gladiator

-70,000 slaves defeated the Roman army 9 times before losing

-6,000 slaves were crucified

Gracchus Brothers

-Tiberius, a tribune, spoke on behalf of the plebians

-wanted to give them land

-the rich killed Tiberius and through his body into the Tiber

-Tiberius’ brother, Gaius, made tribune

-he too, argued for the poor of Rome

-had laws passed that would weaken the senate

-the senators attacked and killed Gaius and 3,000 of his followers

Marius and Sulla

-Marius, a war hero, became consul

-he blamed the weak army on the fact that they had few citizen-soldiers

-allowed the poor to join the army

-these professional soldiers fought for the generals that they fought under

-Marius was general of one army while Sulla was commander of another

-they both used the army to fight for power in Rome

-Sulla tried to have Gaius Julius Caesar assassinated

-Caesar bribed the soldiers not to kill him

Julius Caesar

-Caesar borrowed a lot of money from Crassus the Rich

-he used this money to throw huge parties and influence politicians

-Caesar eventually became Governor of a province in Spain

-with the help of Crassus and Pompey, Caesar became consul

-they became a triumvirate which ruled Rome for the next ten years

-after his year as consul, Caesar appointed himself as governor of Gaul

-he conquered Gaul and pushed into Britannia and Germania

-Caesar became even more popular with his conquests

-Crassus was killed in battle and Caesar argued with Pompey

-other Senators, scared of Caesar’s power, ordered him to Rome

-Caesar and his army occupied Rome causing Pompey to run away

-Pompey’s army lost to Caesar’s so Pompey ran away to Alexandria

-Pompey was murdered in Alexandria and his head presented to Caesar

-Caesar was then appointed dictator for the next ten years

-Caesar made many changes

1) granted Roman citizenship to many people outside of Italy

2) senate now had 900 men (upset the patricians)

3) 1/3 of the slave work force were to be replaced with free men

4) started public work programs

5) found colonies for the poor of Rome without land

6) started the Julian calendar

-on March 15, 44 B. , Rome conquered the Italian peninsula

-2) from 265 B. me a republic; a type of government where people could vote for their leaders

Roman Social Organization

-Romans valued gravitas: “discipline, strength, and loyalty”

-the eldest man ruled the family

-he controlled all property and all the family members; acted as the priest for the family; spokesman

-women controlled the day to day duties of the household

-different classes

1) patrician –ancestors founded Rome

-made laws for Rome

2) plebeians – free citizens who worked as farmers and merchants; could vote

Army

-all men had to serve in the army

-their military units were called legions

-legionnaires were heavily armed infantry in groups of 4-6,000 soldiers

-every legion was then divided into 60 smaller groups that were supported by cavalry

-more powerful than the Greek phalanx

Spread of Rome

-two phases

-1) from 509 B.