Mussolini
BENITO MUSSOLINI, (1883-1945), Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He centralized all power in himself as the leader (il duce) of the Fascist party and attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with HITLER's Germany. The defeat of Italian arms in WORLD WAR II brought an end to his imperial dream and led to his downfall.Mussolini was born in Predappio, near Forli, in Romagna, on July 29, 1883. His father, Alessandro, was a blacksmith, and his mother, Rosa, was a schoolteacher. Like his father, Benito became a fervent socialist. He qualified as an elementary schoolmaster in 1901. In 1902 he emigrated to Switzerland. Unable to find a permanent job there and arrested for vagrancy, he was expelled and returned to Italy to do his military service. After further trouble with the police, he joined the staff of a newspaper in the Austrian town of Trento in 1908. At this time he wrote a novel, subsequently translated into English as The Cardinal's Mistress.Expelled by the Austrians, he became the editor at Forli of a socialist newspaper, La Lotta di Classe (The Class Struggle ). His early enthusiasm for Karl Marx was modified by a mixture of ideas from the philosophy of Friedri
On June 24, 1938 Petain signed terms with Mussolini. The Duce was dressed as a German soldier, in a greatcoat and steel helmet, but his expensive leather boots gave him away. Near the town of Dongo his truck convoy was ambushed by partisans. On September 15, Mussolini approached him and said, "I have come for my instructions. While the "illusion-generating" energy of Neptune rules "propaganda," the Transcendental pairing of Pluto / Neptune yields such classic formulas as: "social control / through deception and illusion"; "mass manipulation / through propaganda techniques"; and "willful control of mass movements / through the spinning of unrealistic dreams and fantasies" (Pluto / Neptune). Mussolini's Tertiary Transcendental Neptune curves above Algeria, Sardinia, Corsica and over the western Mediterranean; his Primary Pluto line runs precisely over the Libyan-Tunisian border and extends across the central Mediterranean; while his Secondary Transcendental, Mars, curves across the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt. Mussolini travelled to Switzerland in 1902 but was expelled in 1904 for disseminating "political / propaganda" (Primary Pluto / Tertiary Neptune). The government was constantly using brute force to silence those who opposed, many were also thrown in jail for advocating a change in the government. The government was corrupt, there were back door deals taking place and there was wide spread violence. The lodge was accessible only by a railroad and had been built so recently that it was not marked on military maps or on mountain climbers charts. Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War ended any possibility of reconciliation with France and Britain. The next day the communist partisan drove both Claretta Petacci and Benito Mussolini to a nearby villa. In April 1945, just before the Allied armies reached Milan, Mussolini, along with his mistress Clara Petacci, was caught by Italian partisans as he tried to take refuge in Switzerland.
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