Thomas Hobbes
Charles de Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu was born in 1689 to a French noble family. "His family tree could be traced 350 years, which in his view made its name neither good nor bad." (The Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, p. 68) Montesquieu's views started to be shaped at a very early age. A beggar was chosen to be his godfather to remind him of his obligations to the poor.In the Considerations Montesquieu used Roman history to prove some of his ideas about reasons for the rise and the fall of civilizations. His most important point was that history is made by causes and effects, by events influenced by man, and not by luck. His ideas are summarized in this passage: I is not fortune that rules the world . .
Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only by the protection of laws. Montesquieu hated armies, conquests, tyrants, priests. There are general causes, whether moral or physical, which act upon every monarchy, which create, maintain, or ruin it. MONTESQUIEU QUOTES: "In republican governments, men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the latter, because they are nothing. All accidents are subject to these causes, and if the chance loss of a battle, that is to say, a particular cause, ruins a state, there is a general cause that created the situation whereby this state could perish by the loss of a single battle. Republics end with luxury; monarchies with poverty. "Hence arrives a very natural reflection. "Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, Bk. "Sir Isaiah BerlinAgainst the Current Montesquieu loved knowledge, science, law, toleration.
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