Federal and State Court Structures and Jurisdiction
The federal courts and state courts differ in the structure, jurisdiction, and types of cases brought into the court. The basis of the Constitutional Law from an official document delineates powers for the federal law and state law that define the Federal Judicial System which derived from the U.S. Constitution, while the State Constitutional Law originated from the individual state Constitutions. The federal courts, the guardians of the Constitution, protect the rights and liberties of the Constitution. The federal courts interpret the law and apply the law to resolve disputes (U.S. Courts, 2002). Federal authority covers laws linked to patents, labor issues, pensions, and profit sharing. The state authority covers business association, contracts and trade secrets. Concurrent authority manages tax law, security law, and employment law (American Legal System, 2004). The Federal Judicial System consists of the United States Supreme Courts, Court of Appeals, District Courts, and Bankruptcy Courts. The federal judges once appointed remain there for life, except when congress observes treasons, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors and has the judge removed from office through impeachment. The Supreme Court comprised of the
Judges, lawyers, professors, and committees appointed via the Chief Justice compose the rules of the federal court system, which uphold the fairness and simplicity, impartial determination of litigations, and eradicate the unwarranted expense and delay of litigations. The appellant must demonstrate that the administrative agency effected the decision in the case with a legal error, without additional evidence or witness testimonies. The state or federal officials, or both may prosecute an offender who violated both the state and federal law without any specific protocol on which will charge and adjudicate the offender first. The diversity jurisdiction cases in the federal court value more than seventy-five thousand dollars and include parties from different states or countries. The majority of cases filed in the Federal Court System involve big businesses and governmental groups, whereas in the State Court System the litigants consist of mainly individuals or small businesses. These particular cases will go to the federal court for prosecution. Federal and state courts may have concurrent jurisdiction over specific cases and lawyers may have to decide which court would be more beneficial to their case. The United States Supreme Court obtains power over cases in the Court of Appeals that have a Federal question; otherwise the Court of Appeals has the final statement of decisional law in New York State (NY Courts, 2004). The government in a criminal trial has the obligation (burden of proof) to provide evidence to substantiate the defendants' guilt to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The Supreme Court listens to cases outside the authority of other courts, for example civil cases greater than ten thousand dollars. The Town and Village Courts have jurisdiction in criminal violations and misdemeanors and equivalent jurisdiction in civil cases found in the City Courts. Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices listen to a limited amount of cases the court has been asked to decide. Guam, The Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands, three territories in the United States have District Courts that address federal cases and bankruptcy cases. Each state contains at least one District Court, with ninety-four federal judicial districts, including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The New York State Court System Structure consists of Intermediate Appellate Courts and the Courts of Original Instance.
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