Quarks Essay
Physicists are always looking for particles too small to be seen by the human eye. In one such search 'cosmic' rays were discovered using a cloud chamber experiment. These perviously undetected rays contained many elementary particles. The newly encountered particles were found to combine to make sub-atomic particles, that were later divided into groups classified as bayons, mesons, leptons and bosons. Leptons include the electron and neutrino, bosons include protons and neutrons. Most of the new particles were bosons. The bosons all had similar properties which were grouped into a system called the eightfold way. Physicists began to wonder if the behaviour of these new particles were determined by smaller particles within. These theoretical particles were named quarks. The name quark was a nonsense name taken from a phrase in a book. There are six known types of quarks, called flavours. These flavours are grouped into pairs; up / down, strange/ charmed, top / bottom (sometimes beauty / truth). Each quark also has a corresponding anti-quark. Because the charge of quarks is only a fraction they are never found alone. The first pair
Since a quark is smaller than the wave length of visible light, these predictions are purly an analogy. A hadron of three quarks is specifically named a baryon, two quarks (a quark and an anti-quark) is called a meson. The others are larger and because they're unstable they break into smaller more stable quarks often. Matter, anti-matter and radiation are found in equal amounts. Any combination of quarks is called a hadron. There was a time at the very beginning of the universe, which the electroweak and electromagnetic forces separated, leaving four separate forces. ( During the Grand Unification Epoch, quarks and leptons and their corresponding anti-matter particles were constantly colliding and annihilation each other with a release of energy. The up quark has a charge equal to positive two thirds of an electron and the down quark has a charge equal to negative one third of an electron. The more common electromagnetic forces govern electricity, magnetism and the propaganda of electromagnetic radiation such as visible light. This colour quantum number then breaks the degeneracy and allows up to three quarks of the same flavor to occupy a single quantum state. On going reseach is occuring to prove that quarks do exist and that the behaviour of all small particles such as the neutron and proton are affected by the presence of these virtually invisible molecules. According to quantum chromodynamics, hadrons must be colourless; for example, bayrons must consist of a quark-anti quark pair of the same colour (for example, a red-antired quark). Before the Grand Unification Epoch more matter than anti-matter was present quarks could decay or be created with out corresponding anti-matter. It is not yet known if quarks are truly fundamental entities, or whether they might in turn have their own internal substructure. The weakest force only acts over a short distance and governs radio activity.
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