Kant Immanuel
In his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims morality can be derived from the principle of the categorical imperative. The strongest argument to support his thesis is the difference between actions in accordance with duty and actions in accordance from duty. To setup his thesis, Kant first draws a distinction between empirical and "a priori" concepts. Empirical concepts are ideas we reach from our experiences in the world. On the other hand and in contrast, "a priori" concepts are ideas we reach as an end point of reasoning prior to or apart from any experience of how things occur in the world. Kant then claims that moral actions are supposed done for the reason of morality alone. This train of thought leads to the conclusion that an understanding of morality must be based on "a priori" concepts of reason. Truly moral ideas are then universally valid if and only if they are based on "a priori" concepts.From this idea of "a priori" concepts, Kant begins his thesis with the notion that the only thing in the world that is a qualified good is the "good will", even if its efforts bring about a not necessarily good result. A "good will" is good becaus
Last, the maxim requires the moral agent to act as a lawgiving member of all persons. Before we are able to apply a maxim to this categorical imperative, it is required that the maxim first, be fit to be a law of nature and second, is based on a notion that all actions have ends. Second, moral actions cannot be based on the speculations of the probable results. Each person is essentially their own lawmaker, obeying the laws that they give themselves as a rational being. A rational being is an individual who has the capacity to execute their behavior by the conceptions of laws. If you are unhappy to perform a moral action it will to reveal outwardly or make apparent that your heart is elsewhere, thus, tainting the action. I believe his thesis weighs to heavily on mere reason alone without any emphasis on the emotional component of our morality. Thus, Kant arrives at the conclusion that for an action to be considered to have genuine moral worth its motive must be that of dutifulness to moral law. Our judgment that advises us on our action is known as an imperative or a command to act on a certain motive. Hence, Immanuel Kant formulates that a moral imperative is one that is an unconditional or categorical imperative. The weakness is obviously that you will be more probable to engage and look to engage in more actions that will give you this appeal and instant gratification. "A priori" principles of reason are the only principles that fit this standard on which a judgment or decision may be based. With that, we then need to find a principle with universal validity or a principle that is valid no matter what issue is being considered. A person is not bound to a law by fear or hope of some reward, but freely bound to it by their lawgiving ability.
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