Maternal Depression and Child
Is there a direct relationship between children's developmental stages and maternal depression? Research suggests that children's development can be adversely affected by maternal depression. A depressed person has more negative cognitions than that of non-depressed counterparts. Depressed adults have also been found to demonstrate negative self-perceptions in their cognition, including negative internal, stable, and global attributions of events, and greater memory of, negative stimuli. In addition, depressed adults show high levels of self-punishment and low levels of self-reinforcement and self-efficacy. Children of depressed mothers can be born with dysfunctional neuroregularatory mechanisms, brought on by abnormal fetus development caused internally by the mother's depression during pregnancy. Such abnormal developments are thought to be due the fetus' exposure to neuroendocrine alternations, which are associated with depression, that may cause constricted blood flow to the fetus. Some abnormal fetal developments manifested at birth include tendencies to respond in a particular style or assume certain behavioral traits. Research suggests that we must examine certain aspects of the fetal environment that may correlate w
Depressed people are more self-focused and more likely to engage in conversations with negative content. In short, children match their parent's negative affect, behavior, and cognitions in both research settings and natural environments. The second is the parent's understanding of depression risks at different stages, and how children will change over time. It is also said that physical abuse was found predictive to elevate levels of aggressive behavior in both girls and boys. Depression acts as a stressor, and maternal stress is related to increased fetal heart rate during pregnancy and low attention orientation and arousal for newborns. Also, in toddlers the measure of a child's negative self-schema is related to the parent's depression. Depressed mothers also tend to avoid confrontation when a child resists parental control, or they immediately drop their original demand for the child. An example of this would illustrate the relative contribution of depression with marital discord to both conduct disorder and depression in their children. For school-aged children and adolescents, parents should shift to the provision of general social support and stress buffering. As I said earlier, infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of depression. The age of onset for depression is related to familial loading. Researchers have found that depressed mothers express more criticism about their child, both by direct interaction with the child and in interviews about the child. Once this mechanism is affected, future development will continue to be affected. For example, depressed mothers exhibit less responsiveness to their infants, and the infants look less at their mothers in the interaction. This is because their neuroregulatory mechanisms which are still developing.
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