The urinary system removes wastes from the blood and forms it into urine. The urine produced usually contains excess water, ions, urea and other toxic substances. The urine created by the kidneys is moved through the ureters and is stored in the bladder until it is released through the urethra. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. It consists of a renal corpuscle, a proximal tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal tubule. The renal corpuscle is made up of Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus. The Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus, which are capillaries that are packed together to form a ball-like structure. The Bowman’s capsule consists of podocytes, an epithelial cell, that attaches to the outer surface of the glomerular capillary. The glomerular capillaries and the podocytes form the filtration membrane. The descending limb is made up of a thin wall of simple squamous epithelium. The rest of the nephron consists of simple cuboidal epithelium, along with microvilli and many mitochondria.
There are three processes that are critical for urine production which are filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Filtration is the movement of water and small molecules through the filtration membrane of
. . .
The volume and composition of urine therefore changes, depending on conditions in the body. It is the pressure of fluid in an enclosed space and it is 10 mmHg. Buffers are chemicals that resist change in the pH of a solution. Hydrostatic pressure also works against the high pressure coming in. The pressure in the nephron is higher than in any other capillary. Renin causes the constriction of smooth muscle around the capillary producing an increase in pressure. The sodium bicarb solution was eliminated in approximately 60 minutes. This experiment also shows that the buffer systems attack the change in pH relatively quickly. The three major buffers in the body fluids are the proteins, the phosphate buffer system, and the bicarbonate buffer system. The blood pressure is usually between 45-50 mmHg. The buffers found in body fluids contain salts that combine with hydrogen ions. 2% sodium bicarbonate solution (5 mL/kg body weight)
The subject then urinated every 20 minutes for the next hour and 20 minutes. One was set as the control while the remaining three were deviations of the control. Reabsorption occurs by active transportation, cotransportation, and obligatory water transportaion.
Approximate Word count =
1149
Approximate Pages =
5 (250 words per page double spaced)
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