Iran

Since the days of 6th century BC, Ian has been ruled by absolute monarchs. The shah-in-shah, king of kings, or emperor decided the fate of the empire. Iran’s constitutional monarchy, founded in 1906, was ended in 1979. In the same year a new constitution established an Islamic republic in which principles of Islam were to be the foundation for social, political, and economic relations. The constitution was significantly amended in 1989. Iran now has two heads of state, one being a more leading religious figure, the other being a more presidential figure. But ultimately, the religious chief is the real power. This makes Iran a theocracy, which means ruled by priests. A religious leader, called the faqih, oversees the operation of the government. The first faqih was Khomeini, who died in 1989. His successor is selected by an Assembly of Experts, made up of 83 clerics who are popularly elected every eight years. The current faqih of Iran is Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-Khamenei. He may declare war and also names the heads of all state and religious organizations, so therefore controls the judiciary, armed forces, security police, intelligence agencies, radio, and television. Therefore, he is more powerful than Iran’

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In the first few years of the Islamic republic, the religious Council of Guardians, and the more secular Majlis, often conflicted over legislation, which brought government to a stop. As the constitutions specifies, the president is ‘the holder of the highest of fiscal power next to the office of the faqih. North reported his activities initially to National Security Adviser Robert C.

Judiciary

The highest regular court in Iran is the Supreme Court, and the president is chosen by the faqih.

In December 1992, President George Bush, who had also been implicated, but not charged, in the scandal, issued pardons to many of the top government officials who had been charged or convicted for their role in the Iran-Contra affair. ’ Amendments to the constitution in 1989 strengthened the presidency by eliminating the position of prime minister, who was until then the chief executive. Programs have been undertaken to fight tuberculosis, trachoma, and other diseases.

Local Government

Iran consists of 24 provinces (ustans), which are divided into 195 counties and 500 districts; districts are subdivided into villages and municipalities. Walsh published his final report on the investigation of the affair in January 1994. Only males 21 years or older could vote, until 1963, when women were also given the right to vote and participate. The cabinet conducts the real day-to-day work of governance. The only one is the Nehzat-Azadi (Liberation Movement of Iran), and is officially recognized and allowed to participate in elections. Walsh concluded that there was no evidence that Reagan had broken the law, but he noted that Reagan may have participated, or even known about, a cover up.

Approximate Word count = 1267
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)

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