Five Strands of Critical Thinking

             Critical, factual, historical, cultural and aesthetic are five strands that are intertwined to create an effective perspective on understanding how to write a paper. Correctly using the five strands will lead to successful written communication.
             Thinking critically is essential to reading and writing. Logical reasoning is used in two forms, inductive and deductive reasoning. When writing logically, do not use, or conclude with, logical fallacies (Kirszner and Mandell 57-59). To be able to think critically, one must learn the abilities to prose problematic questions, analyze a problem, research and interpret facts, imagine alternative solutions, analyze competing approaches and answers, and write an effective argumentative justification while acknowledging counterarguments (Ramage and Bean 24). Critical knowledge, or judgment, allows the writer to critically examine the strengths and weaknesses in their own past writings (637-638).
             The second strand is factual. To establish credibility, it is important to distinguish fact from opinion. Even though evidence can make an opinion more convincing, it cannot turn it into fact. To pursued a reader it is important to use reliable evidence. The evidence must be accurate, sufficient, representative, and relevant. Arguments can be based on assertion, but be sure they are backed by evidence for supporting information (Kirszner and Mandell 55-56).
             The third strand, historical, reflects on the rhetorical practices in writing. Classical rhetoricians examined ways that they could persuade listeners. They concentrated on three kinds of proofs: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logo, or the appeal to reason, is the message the speaker is sending. Ethos, or the
             appeal to the speaker's character, is how the person delivers the message. Pathos, or the appeal to sympathetic imagination and emotions, applies to how the audience reacts (Ramage and Bean 333-334).
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