Leadership

Leadership is the design, creation, and management of group actions that direct the combined efforts of individuals in the group and their resources to a achieve a goal that the members of the group increasingly share, in large part because the more influential members of the organization--the leaders--clearly communicate their vision of the organization's identity, including a belief that the aspired to goal is achievable. Sometimes leaders are contrasted with prophets, who claim to possess visions of golden futures if only the members of the group will follow their lead, and usually dire consequences if they do not. Leaders may simply be prophets with a better sense of how to communicate to members of the group and a keen understanding of the group's limitations, and a willingness in the end to accept and act within those limits. A great deal of research in vocational psychology has addressed questions related to leadership: what are the characteristics of leaders, are leaders "born" or "made," are there different types of leadership (and if so, are some types of leadership better suited for particular situations), do some cognitive traits interact with leadership traits and circumstances to predict outcomes, and what are the li

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Common elements: a group, a goal, influence

4. )

4) Controlling, or coordinating,

the organization's systems, processes and structures to reach effectively and efficiently reach goals and objectives. :

Transactional & Transformational

Transactional: Leadership as communication process between leader/follower

Ex: Leader-member exchange (LMX)

Leaders will lead each member differently

Predicts turnover, satisfaction, etc. Examples are establishing strategic direction (vision, values, mission and / or goals) and championing methods of organizational performance management to pursue that direction. There is no one widely accepted definition of the word, "leadership" among scholars. Yet another view, quite apart from the traditional view, asserts that the job of management is to support employee's efforts to be fully productive members of the organizations and citizens of the community. They also assert that leadership must be more facilitative, participative and empowering in how visions and goals are established and carried out. (Note that the four functions recur throughout the organization and are highly integrated):

1) Planning,

including identifying goals, objectives, methods, resources needed to carry out methods, responsibilities and dates for completion of tasks. " (Harry Truman)

Management

Traditional Interpretation

There are a variety of views about this term. " (John Gardner, 1991)

"Leadership is the ability to get men to do what they don't want to do, and like it.

Another Interpretation

Some writers, teachers and practitioners assert that the above view is rather outmoded and that management needs to focus more on leadership skills, e.

Style

Authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire

high/low structure; employee vs.

3) The new world of knowledge workers, global operations, constant change, matrix organizations, flat management structures, and technology requires a new focus on leadership processes

4) Most definitions of leadership versus management are incomplete

a) Covey: Leadership defines the right building and management is about climbing the ladder against it

b) Bennis: Leadership is about doing the right things and management is about doing things right

Kotter: Leadership is about change and management is about complexity

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