ADD
In the United States, where there are over 63 million children, three to five percent of these children are diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Skeptics suggest psychiatrists are too ready to make a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and too quick to dismiss them with a chemical fix. Despite the high rates of diagnosis, this condition is often overlooked by many parents, teachers and health professionals and scoffed at by others who suggest the condition is simply a grab-all term for children with a range of behavior problems. Children with these disorders, particularly those with ADHD, are often dismissed as hyperactive children and misdiagnosed as emotionally disturbed, or deficient in proper home training. To the affected individual, however, the condition is very real. Many children have difficulty sitting still, paying attention or controlling impulsive behavior; and for a select group of children, it is a daily struggle to cope with these behavioral problems, which never seem to go away. ADD often interferes with their daily life, school assignments and social interactions. Progress has been slow but despite scientific obstacles and ongoi
The most conclusive evidence that genetics can contribute to ADHD, however, comes from studies of twins. It is essential that tutoring and additional educational resources be made available to the child, however, many are able to learn at the same level with the other children. And the children of a parent who has ADHD have up to a 50 percent chance of experiencing the same difficulties. Using PET, researchers are able to examine various areas of the brain that inhibit impulses and control glucose levels (Neuwirth 7). A deficit in dopamine or mutations in the dopamine receptor or transporter genes have been proposed to explain the findings in ADD and this has been documented in a few small studies. Children often fidget with their hands or feet or squirm in their seat during class. Some research also points to genetics since ADD tends to run in families. Teachers, parents and other people who know the child well are given interviews as well. On the average, at least one child in every classroom in the United States needs help for the disorder (Neuwirth 1) and four to nine times more boys than girls are found to have ADD (Cyr 216). Jacobvitz and Stroufe (1987) studied mother-child interactions during the first 4 years of life and concluded that the mother's behavior was inconsistent at different stages, varying from intrusive and interfering early on, to much kissing and teasing, to over stimulation later on. The child often interrupts others and has outbursts of silliness and anger. There have been major disagreements in the diagnosis of ADD especially between American and European scientists and health professionals. The first suggestion was put forward in 1908 by Tredgold who stated that hyperactivity was linked to organic brain damage which he believed was caused by minor head injury, oxygen deprivation, prenatal complications or infection during birth.
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