Significance of U.S. Science the 1870's
Science in the United States prior to the Civil War was straggling to rise more than a few feet off the ground. Lacking positive support and participation, the few scientific organizations that were established failed to conform to newer thinking styles. With new scientific leaders, holding powerful positions and the Civil War now over, science in the United States grew vastly. A new epoch in science had arrived. Prior to the Civil War, the National Academy of Sciences hung from a precarious cliff with failing membership and lack of governmental interest. When Joseph Henry took over the presidency in 1867, his goal was to bring back the academy and reinvent it into a useful institution. First, Joseph Henry worked to get rid of Benjamin Siliman. Siliman was a key figure in the scientific of revolution in the early 1800's but was known to be a pursuer of profit in regards to science. Many believed he was a shame to modern science, and while his disbarment was not successful, the issue of membership requirements came under scrutin
Spencer tried to detach the museum for the Smithsonian Institute without great success. His work brought new professionalism to geographic expeditions. The United States was now ready to start a new era pf organized scientific participation and unity. Geological Survey after the Civil War unified the major geological surveys around the country, and providing standard rules and guidelines to overzealous and failing expeditions. science that received a facelift after the Civil War. Science now had standard guidelines to follow and allowed the pursuit of science to continue with efficiency. With the backing of Congress, Henry was able to lift the limits on membership and recruit younger, fresher members. King brought new scientific techniques into use and was driven by exacting perfection created a detailed account of his travels, yet many believe he covered a huge expanse of land in to short a time. The Smithsonian was owned jointly between the government and privately. Hayden looked towards the public during his expeditions. Clarence King conducted a 100-mile survey along the fortieth parallel. Lastly, John Powell was the newest, smallest, and least funded of the expeditions. The United States Geological Survey was created to create an ongoing study of geography.
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