Introduction page 2
             Chapter 1: Cynicism defined page 3
             1.1 What is cynicism? page 3
             1.2 How and where does it originate? page 4
             1.3 Is it a personal matter, or is it situationally determined? page 4
             1.4 What are the causes of cynicism? page 5
             1.5 What are the effects of cynicism? page 5
             Chapter 2: Herzberg's Two Factor Theory of Motivation page 7
             2.1 Motivation-Hygiene Theory page 7
             Chapter 3: Managing and Minimizing Cynicism page 9
             3.2 How are cynicism and motivation related to each other? page 9
             3.3 How to manage and minimize cynicism? page 9
             Chapter 4: Managing and Minimizing Cynicism , page 11
             the Author's point of view
             It's often so subtle; we are unaware of it. Yet, like a malignant tumor, it attacks our attitudes, our productivity, creativity, self-esteem and the effectiveness of our organizations. Persistent and insidious, it eats away at the heart and souls of all that come in contact and succumbs to this virus of the mind.
             What is this disease that seems to have infected so many people these days? It's cynicism; that contemptuous, self-righteous, scornful, mocking attitude we indulge in when we dislike, or disagree with, the attitudinal and behavioral decisions of others.
             Research indicates that cynicism is in the rise in American business and industry, which in-creasingly hurts their competitiveness and ability to accommodate today's needed organiza-tional changes. Mirvis and Kanter (1989) found in their national survey that 43% of workers are cynical and 40% of managers and supervisors are cynical, as well. In their later study (1991) they concluded that cynicism among workers is increasing, especially defensive cyni-cism is becoming more popular. If employees believe that change efforts by their current managers are doomed to failure, then they can avoid feeling disappointed when ...