The Ethical Codes of Science
In the last few years, our American colleagues - research workers in different /particular/ spheres of knowledge - are developing increased activity in ethical aspect. There are various initiatives, which serve as a clear expression of this. Special regulatory bodies such as Office of Scientific Integrity Review /OSIR/, Office of Inspector General /OIG/ are created in order to monitor the research process following the accepted standards for integrity and responsibility of conduct of research.* Some universities and research institutions develop educational programmes, whose purpose is to inform and concentrate the attentions of the participants' students and young research workers on the ethical problems. For example, the session of ethics, entitled "Etiquette and Ethics in Science " at the University of California, San Francisco, is organized largely around real cases of ethically difficult situation that researchers have encountered in the course of a scientific career. At the University of California, Los Angeles, interest in the issue of scientific ethics have led to the creation of a Center on Scientific Ethics. Central work of the center has been the preparation of an ext
For that reason the form " code of ethics " is more frequently used in the practically orientated research fields like the biotechnologies, and the form " code of conduct " is used in the " pure " basic research fields like physics, mathematics. The scientific community has stated clearly the principles for responsible and ethical research process and has simultaneously distanced itself from the violators. On 3 July 1945 Leo Szilard sent petition to his colleagues from Rige and Los Almos, in which he appeals towards the scientists to assume a moral position about the use of the atom bomb. The second kind of clauses in the ethical codes refers to the relationship between the researchers in the community. " However, it is interesting that the codes, entitled "code of ethics" contains the whole number clauses, while the "codes of conduct" contain only part of it; often the " obligation to the public " is missing. The appearance of many variegated ethical codes in the research community is a sign for the researchers' desire and willingness to manage with the ethical problems following their work. OSIR in its turn conducts another investigation and draws up the final report, which is to serve before the Public Health service. ensive bibliography and the collection of case studies. The third type of clauses is the so-called "obligation to the public" - " investigators will promote and follow practices that enhance the public interest or well-being; investigators will follow government and institutional requirements regulating research such as those ensuring the welfare of human subject and humane treatment of animal subject and the protection of the environment. This confronts the autonomy of the researcher and the liberty of the science research work. The first precedent when the scientists had explicit expressed their moral positionis referring to their research product is the " Manhattan project""There must be no barriers to freedom of inquiry. The professionalization of the research has turned it into a well- paid activity and has created conditions for place hunting, prestige desire for financial benefits, which are the main motives for misconduct and diversion from the "normal" research process. The stage two: misconduct investigation. the form of codes are the frequent cases of misconduct in the research community. And we know that as long as [we] are free to ask what [we] must, free to say what [we] think, free to think what [we] will, freedom can never be lost, and science can never regress.
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