Female Genital Mutilation in Africa
"Human Rights" is a complex phrase to define. One's idea of humanity varies in every culture; discrepancies are often found even within a singular culture. The United States Bill of Rights, adopted on December 15, 1791, marked one of the first attempts at standardizing human rights. One Hundred and fifty-seven years later the United Nations presented to the world the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Not only did this document bring closure and clarity as to the basic meaning of human rights, it also provided code that each country could aspire to comply with. Today, the burden rests on the implementation of these rights for each individual around the globe. Procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs are termed either Female Circumcision or Female Genital Mutilation. Many feel this term circumcision is a euphemism is deem the procedure to be called by the more appropriate name, Female Genital Mutilation. "Mutilation" is technically accurate because most variants of the practices entail damage to or removal of healthy tissues. Yet, for most people, the term "mutilation" connotes purposeful harm and is tantamount to an allegation of evil intent. Fe
Uncircumcised woman are then either forced into being mutilated or ostracized from society. The first is a philosophy developed by liberal philosophers Rawls and Walzer, "liberal cosmopolitanism. Women are then ostracized from society and most likely divorced for their husbands. There are many justifications for the practice identified by its followers. In essence, a girl will never forget the day she was "circumcised". Type II, Clitoridectomy (also known as excision), consists of removal of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora. Laws imposed by outside groups have proven ineffective. For them, basic or urgent human rights include the right to life and basic liberties, and the freedom from genocide, slavery or mass expulsion. African women need to band together in order to resist or escape the pressure of this socially dominant practice. ) Along with other like-minded persons-most likely first or second-generation immigrants from countries where FC/FGM is widely practiced-she hopes to establish the tradition in her adopted country. Type III, Infibulation (also known as pharaonic circumcision) entails removal of the clitoris, labia minora and labia majora with narrowing / stitching of the vaginal opening. Not only must women be educated, men should be educated as well. Doctors', nurses' and midwives' professional associations must take a clear stance against FGM and pass regulations forbidding their members to perform the procedure. There is no question that FC/FGM is a potentially harmful and painful procedure. This is a dual standard that will later be discussed.
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