The scientific revolution dated back to the sixteenth century and went through the
eighteenth century. The scientific revolution began with the study of astronomy and physics
and ended after René Descartes's idea of deductive reasoning. Religious authorities rejected
the Copernican system at first because it did not correlate with the Bible but later began to
accept the scientific revolution. Secular authorities did not reject the idea of the scientific
revolution because it promoted new ideas and technological advances.
In the early 1500s, traditional European ideas about the universe were still based
primarily on the ideas of Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C.
According to Aristotelian view, a motionless earth was fixed at the center of the universe.
When the Copernicus theory emerged to the public in 1543 in the book On the Revolutions
of the Heavenly Spheres, it created much conflict with the church. The Copernicus theory
stated that the sun was center and planets moved around the sun in an elliptical shape. This
great theory led to many other events that were almost as influential in creating doubts about
In 1572, a new star appeared and shone very brightly for almost two years. Tycho
Brahe of Denmark established himself as Europe's leading astronomer with his detailed
observations of the new star. His data was turned into mathematics with the German
Johannes Kepler. Kepler showed that the orbits are elliptical, planets do not move at uniform
speed, and the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit correlates with the planet's
distance from the sun. After Kepler came Galileo who discovered the first four moons of
Jupiter, Earth's moon is bumpy and not smooth, and Galileo also generated the law of inertia.
Isaac Newton developed the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. Se
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