Raphael
The School of Athens by Raphael has been admired during the course of nearly five hundred years. Nowhere was this more evident than during the unveiling of the restoration of this masterpiece on April 22, 1996. Patrons and their guests from all areas of the United States joined Mrs. Henry J. Gaisman, benefactress of the restoration project, in marveling at the revealed genius of Raphael's palette. The School of Athens was painted by twenty-seven year-old Raphael Sanzio for Pope Julius II (1503-1513). In 1508 Donato Bramante, the pope's architect, and also a native of Urbino, had recommended the young native of Urbino to Julius II. So enthusiastic was the pope when he saw the fresco that Raphael received the commission to paint the entire papal suite. The Stanza della Segnatura was to be Julius' library, Bibiotheca Iulia, which would house a small collection of books intended for his personal use. The practice during Imperial Roman times of furnishing libraries with portraits of great poets was revived in fifteenth century Italy. Raphael revolutionized this practice in the Stanza by harmoniously arranging large groups of people as one unit in his fresco compositions. In the fresco of the School of Athens, sages from d
He returned in 387 and soon founded the famous school of philosophy called the Academy, where he taught Aristotle. Aristotle divides philosophical topics into ethics, physics, and logic. Those that have been positively identified using accurate historical evidence are: Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Pythagoras, Euclid, Alcibiades, Diogenes, Ptolemy, Zoroaster and Raphael. His school of philosophy reduced all meaning to numerical relationships and proposed that all existing objects are fundamentally composed of form and not material substance. Born of a well-to-do Athenian family, Xenophon was critical of extreme democracy and for a time was exiled as a traitor. Because he introduced the method of basing claims about appearances on a logical concept of Being, he is considered a founder of metaphysics. Plato is in the center pointing his finger to the heavens while holding the Timaeus, his treatise on the origin of the world. When Alcibiades became a traitor and Critias joined the Sparta-imposed Thirty Tyrants, Socrates was decried by many, incl. He distinguished four kinds of cause--material, formal, efficient, and final--and postulated an unmoved mover (God) as a necessary element of physics. None of his writings survive, and it is difficult to distinguish the ideas he originated from those of his disciples. Seeking to reconcile orthodox Christians and Monophysites, he caused a schism with Rome (484-519). Parmenides was a Greek philosopher, leader of the Eleatics. His other works include On Horsemanship; On Hunting; Cyropaedia, a historical novel about Cyrus the Great; Oeconomicus, a treatise on estate management; and his completion of a work of Thucydides. The generosity and vision of those who help conserve Raphael's art will enable us into the 21st century to still appreciate and be moved by his visual legacy. To him, logic was required for the study of every other topic.
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Acceptance Essays
