ADHD
Officially identified as a condition in 1902, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as a "persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development". Other labels have preceded ADHD, including brain damaged, minimal brain dysfunction, hyperactive child syndrome, hyperkinetic disorder of childhood, and attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. ADHD is intrinsic to an individual and is most likely the result of central nervous system dysfunction (Allen & Vessey, 2004). It is considered a psychological disorder which general practitioners are not capable of treating. Many general practitioners complain about the time and abilities needed to treat children with ADHD, which requires not only medical treatment but educational and behavioral treatment as well (Ebert, Loosen, & Nurcombe, 2000). In their article Working with the Family of a Dchild with Attention Deficit Disorder, Demarle, Denk, & Ernsthausen write that, "Working with the family of a child with ADHD can be time consuming..." They also wrote the following:In a U.S. survey, Kwasman, Tinsley, and Lepper (1995) report
Allen and Vessey write that the general ratio of males to females with ADHD is approximately 3:1, but ratios can range from 9:1 down to 2:1. A general practitioner is not paid extra for spending more time with a child and so the practitioner usually tries to meet and diagnose as many patients as he or she can in any given day. Family life may be disturbed by increased irritability among all members, and to successfully control the various changes that result from the introduction of ADHD into a family member, a psychiatrist as well as a psychologist is necessary. In 2004, Allen and Vessey wrote that, "ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and is considered to be among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school age children. The first and most obvious treatment is stimulant medication usually in the form of tricyclic antidepressants. These documents are necessary so that the doctor can analyze them and exclude learning and language disorders as causes contributing to the present disorder. Ebert, Loosen, and Nurcombe also say that intelligence and achievement testing are necessary as well and the medical history taken by the physician should consider familial, prenatal, developmental, and social risk factors as well as possible underlying medical conditions. Also, caution must be taken when prescribing medication to adults because of the increased possibility for abuse. Ebert, Loosen, and Nurcombe add that it is common for signs and symptoms of ADHD to be absent in a clinical setting, showing that children with ADHD still have control over their behavior to some extent. Psychostimulants are the most popular form of psychotropic medication prescribed for children in the United States and methylphenidate products such as Ritalin, Methylin, Concerta, Metadate, and Focalin are the most popular and researched stimulant used (Behrman, Jenson, & Kligman, 2000). Depending on the level of disability, some children may require placement in special education classes. According to Behrman, Jenson, and Kligman, a program that gives structure to the child's environment helps the adaptive function of children with ADHD. A psychiatrist should be the only type of doctor allowed to diagnose ADHD as well as prescribe medication for ADHD because a psychiatrist has the qualifications, as well as the time needed for such a complicated task.
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