Dead or Alive

August Weissmann states genetic information of a cell diminishes with each cell division.

Walter Sutton proves chromosomes hold genetic information.

Hans Spemann divides a Salamander embryo in two and shows early embryo cells retain all the genetic information necessary to create a new organism.

Hans Spemann performs first nuclear transfer experiment.

German scientist Hans Spemann proposes a "fantastical experiment" to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a nucleus, the basic method that would eventually be used in cloning.

Oswald Avery discovers genetic information is carried by the nucleic acids of cells.

Watson and Crick find the structure of DNA.

F.C. Steward grows whole carrot plants from carrot root cells.

John Gurdon clones frogs from differentiated cells.

J.B.S. Haldane coins the term 'clone.'

Establishment of the complete genetic code.

. . .

March 1997

Scientists and ethicists testifying at a Senate hearing on cloning urge Congress not to rush to ban research on the cloning of human beings. His National Bioethics Advisory Commission had concluded that human cloning would be unsafe and unethical.

1986

First, Prather, and Eyestone clone a cow from embryo cells.

1983

Solter and McGrath fuse a mouse embryo cell with an egg without a nucleus, but fail to clone using their technique. Mullis develops the polymerase chain reaction technique for rapid DNA synthesis.

1986

Steen Willadsen clones cattle from differentiated cells. Named Polly, the lamb was produced using a method similar to that used to create Dolly. Scientists hope that pigs could be genetically engineered for use in human organ transplants.

1984

Steen Willadsen, a Danish scientist, reports he has made a genetic copy of a lamb from early sheep embryo cells, a process now called "twinning.

March 1997

Only a week after the Dolly announcement, scientists bring cloning technology closer to humans by twinning rhesus monkeys from embryos.

March 2000

The group that created Dolly the sheep announces the first cloned pigs.

Common topics in this essay:
Geron Corporation, Wakayama Hawaii, Bill Clinton, Hans Spemann, Ian Wilmut, Willadsen Danish, Peter Hoppe, Advisory Commission, Genome Project, Solter McGrath, embryo cells, genetic information, steen willadsen, differentiated cells, hans spemann, sheep embryo cells, karl illmensee, human cloning, dolly sheep, rhesus monkeys, egg nucleus,

Approximate Word count = 747
Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page double spaced)

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