El Nino
El Nino has been a reoccurring phenomenon for centuries. Man has only started to realize how much of the worlds weather is effected by it. The term El Nino refers to an irregular warming of the seas surface. During the last 40 years there have been 10 significant El Nino occurrences. Most affecting the coast of South America. Water temperatures increase along the coast as far as the Galapagos islands. Weak events will raise the water temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius and will have minor impact on fishing. However strong events such as the 1982-83 event will disrupt climate conditions around the world as well as local conditions. It has been linked to floods and droughts all over the world. Hurricanes and tropical storms are also altered in their numbers by El Nino. Therefore it would be very helpful for people if El Nino could be predicted and prepared for in some form. During a El Nino cycle there are many biological changes. Due to a depressed thermocline there is less photosynthetic activity resulting in a decrease in the primary life forms that form the beginning of the food chain. The warmer waters that are brought by these changing cycles hold less dissolved oxygen forcing fish to go deeper or venture elsewhere. Due to
For research purposes an array of buoys were deployed in order to understand and predict ocean currents better. It would require a knowledge of wind patters above ground level (which were not recorded at that time) to continue to gain knowledge. Initial efforts at mapping sea surface temperatures and cloud cover were conducted using two different satellites in 1978. To further confuse scientists this event also set in unusually late in the calendar year. Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia and India are in the process of duplicating the success. This transformed the coastal desert into a grassland dotted with lakes. Towering cumulus clouds, reaching high into the atmosphere with multiple regions of strong up and down vertical motions, form and move eastward along across the Pacific as they are generated by the warm surface waters. For example the 1982-83 El Nino caught scientists by surprise because unlike previous EL Ninos it was not proceeded by a period of stronger easterlies on the equator. Many countries are following the success of Peru in predicting weather patterns for agricultural use. This nutrient rich water is the beginning of the food chain as phytoplankton establish themselves in these waters. These will benefit in the strategic planning in areas such as agriculture, the management of water resources and the reserves of grain and fuel oil. The surface waters are therefore deflected away from the equator in both directions and away from the coastline. Most El Nino winters are mild over western Canada and parts over the United States, and wet over the southern United States from Texas to Florida. In the following decades researchers added new pieces to the emerging picture of Southern Oscillation. The link between climatic effects around the world and El Nino is now well established.
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