When the Bolsheviks came into power, everything was in a state of chaos. In 1917, the level of literacy was low. However, soon there were nearly seven times more specialists who had higher education than in 1913, while those with secondary education increased by almost twenty- eight times. Illite...

During the reign of Czar Nicholas II (1884-1917), Russia went through a series of bad harvests that caused starvation among the peasants. As industrialization increased, discontent also grew among the middle class and proletarians (workers) in the cities. As a result, Russians found themselv...

Communism is a form of government where a society works toward the benefit of the community. When Russia rebelled against the monarchy held by the Czar, Lenin established communism as the new form of government. After his death, they appointed two new leaders: Lenin's faithful follower Joseph Sta...

Darkness at Noon Darkness at Noon is a fictional novel written by Arthur Koestler that stands as a portrayal of the nightmare politics during the twentieth century. The setting stands in the tumultuous Soviet Union in the 1930's. Rubashov, the main character, is imprisoned and psychol...