The European states encountered significant shifts of power in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Those that succeeded were the ones that created potent central political supremacy. Among them were France and England. However, after the war of Spanish succession, there was a need for...

In the following paragraphs I will be discussing France after it's defeat in the Franco-Prussian war; the constitution, divisions in government, threats to the people's faith in their rulers, and the economy. France began this era at considerable disadvantage because of the war and Bismarck's po...

Throughout the history of the Western world various ideologies have proven so influential as to give rise to assorted "isms" that change society. Namely, the rise and support of socialism has been a major component to the make up of Western history in the 19th and 20th centuries. An inve...