Between 1900-1939, there were many different movements in art mainly due to two reasons, modernization, and the First World War. The term 'avant-garde' has become synonymous with the evolving modern movement of art. 'Although 'art for art's sake' is a term not often used positively, this moder...

The song settings of Guillaume Apollinaire's ideographic Calligrammes demonstrate Francis Poulenc's exceptional ability to unite poetry and music, without compromising the integrity of either medium. The graphical notation of the poetry presents a formidable challenge to Poulenc, requir...