Female offending is not the norm; they represent the exception in almost every Criminal Justice Agency. The system is designed to deal with men and, policy and practice is frequently based on theories of male offending. This essay will seek to demonstrate that gender bias in the Criminal Justice S...

The defences of duress, necessity and duress of circumstances all recognise that a person ought not always to be regarded as criminally liable if he or she feels compelled to act against their will. Critically evaluate how and why the courts have limited the availability of these defences. If y...

Abolishment of capital Punishment At present, there are thirty-six states in the United States and over one hundred countries that have legislation enforcing capital punishment for crimes of murder or rape. In Canada the death penalty was abolished in 1976, due to the fact that it infringes on the ...