When dealing with the period known as the "Restoration," one often uses the dates of 1815 to 1848. The Congress of Vienna, in 1815, signaled the start of the Restoration, and the Revolution of 1848 signaled the end. The question, however, is not "when was the Restoration," but ...

John Locke, the philosopher, stated that all individuals have the right to "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Property." Thomas Jefferson, former President, suggested that Happiness should replace Property in Locke's statement. Most of Americans depend on property to achieve happine...

Constitutional Father: Abbe Sieyes Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, better known as Abbe Sieyes, is considered by some scholars, the leader of the early Revolution in France; however, others consider him a selfish, jealous man. No matter what one believes, there are some indisputable facts about Abbe ...

The War of 1812, which was known to many people as the forgotten war, originated in Europe, where just like the Americans, many others were fighting for their independence. The War of 1812 steamed from the European wars of the French Revolution and their successors, the Neopoleonic Wars. France and ...

Did Napoleon preserve or pervert the gains of the Revolution Napoleon was indirectly responsible for spreading many of the ideals of the French Revolution throughout Europe. Although he never openly espoused revolutionary tenets his Empire and government was in many ways the living embodiment of t...

In the eighteenth century, there was considerable diversity and disagreement among those known as "philosophers," in particular such individuals as Voltiare, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and the Encyclopedists, especially Diderot, and those who stood in the "enlightened" tradition of t...