After the chaotic years of the Middle Ages, the Reformation and of the Thirty Years' War, humanity was brightened from the dark by a new era, called Enlightenment, one of the most important stages in the development of modern thought. This cultural, intellectual, philosophical and social movement s...

The First World War is usually regarded as the commencement of the modern era. In reason of the War's implication in some of the most significant changes in culture, economy, and government throughout the world, it is considered as the launch of a whole new set of outlooks of the world. An i...

Following the Second World War, many European countries were wiped out. The result of the activities of the Third Reich had left Europe's political system of nation-states dismantled and devastated, and most importantly, the European economy lay disrupted in ruins. In result of this, there was a wa...

Italy the Age of the Renaissance During the period 13th and 16th century Europe was in a state of great ebullition and new classification. Wars, revolutions, politico-economical transition, social convulsions and illnesses overwhelmed fatally the stability of Europe. During the period of two c...

Exogenous factor shaping economic growth continent wide was the great power conflict. Countries falling for geographical and other reasons within the U.S. and Soviet spheres of influence felt strong pressure to adopt the same form of economic organization as their dominant partner. And how they orga...