Throughout Russian history there have been many leaders who have tried to implement reforms to help shape the future of their nation. In doing so, some of these leaders have left a legacy for history books and scholars to contemplate. Alexander II, Nikita Khrushchev, and Mikhail Gorbachev each sou...

"Cold war" is the term given to the competition, conducted through means short of direct military conflict, between the United States and the Soviet Union since World War II. Its roots go back to the 1890s when, after a century of friendship, Americans and Russians became rivals over the development...

Throughout 1990 and 1991, Soviet-controlled institutions in Eastern Europe were dismantled. Soviet troops were withdrawn from Central Europe over the next four years--from Czechoslovakia and Hungary by mid-1991 and from Poland in 1993. By midsummer 1990, Gorbachev and West German chancellor Helmut ...