and 1894. Before the end of the century more that 5 million Germans reached the United States. First Germans who came were primarily from the agricultural southern and western regions of Germany. The reasons that stimulated them to move included crop failures, high rents, high prices, and changeover to an industrial economy. Rich farmers who saw a depressing future in Germany, poor ones who had no future, peasants and paupers whom the state paid to leave, a handful of disappointed revolutionaries after 1848, and variety of artisans and professionals came in the 1840s and 1850s. In late 1854 there were reports on shipwrecks and cholera epidemics at sea that resulted in death rates as high as 50%. Also, at about the same time span, nativist agitation (a controversy of a policy favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants) in the United States reached a peak and the American economy went downward. These facts cut immigration in the late 1850s.
             c) The Scandinavians – the largest northwestern European group, after the British and the Germans, increased their numbers in
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