o replenish the electrons lost by Photosystem 2. The remaining Hydrogen ions pass through the Thylakoid membrane and into the lumen. The Hydrogen ions are a significant part of the dark reactions. After this the Oxygen atom unites with another of its kind to become an O2 molecule and is released into the atmosphere. An electron left by the process integrates with Photosystem 2 and the cycle is complete (3).
             In the dark reactions the NADPH + H2 is released into the stroma and is used to begin these reactions. Basically, the NADPH + H2, and CO2 are used to create PGAL, which is a main factor in the dark processes. To help accomplish this, CO2 and a five-carbon sugar molecule called RuBP, bind together in a process called CO2 Fixation. The RuBP is used to create PGAL. The PGAL is partially used to create glucose, which is a necessary cell respiration. Most of the PGAL is used to make more RuBP to continue the cycle. With the help of ATP, six turns of this cycle create one molecule of Glucose. Now the plant has the energy to get oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide (2).
             How does the plant get oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide?
             It is pretty much common knowledge that plants do not get oxygen and release carbon dioxide; it is the exact opposite. The Calvin Cycle is used to obtain carbon dioxide and form oxygen. They open their pores slightly, take in carbon dioxide, and transport it deep within the leaves. Here they stockpile it in a chemical form that releases the carbon dioxide slowly and steadily into the Calvin cycle. With this system, these plants can continue photosynthesis even with their pores almost completely closed. With the completion of the Calvin Cycle, the concentration of ions inside the membrane creates an electrochemical gradient, and begins the process of chemiosmosis, or the passage of chemicals through a membrane. This movement generates the energy for the synthesis of ATP. The energy created by the movement o...