Unless we accept the claim that Lenin's coup that gave birth to
             an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind,
             we must recognize in today's Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians --
             the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s (Luttwak, 1).
             In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich
             Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which
             all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony.
             Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to
             socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of
             history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the
             economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system
             had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to
             socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the
             bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, who
             were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the
             socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groilers
             Socialism, of which Marxism-Leninism is a takeoff, originated in
             the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in
             the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among
             the country's educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called
             intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in
             1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical
             force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was
             experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-
             Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions
             of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7).
             As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four...