empted to rid itself of the infringing Catholic influence on public life, while the Church sought to sustain and reacquire concessions to which it considered itself entitled. This conflict in Italy was rendered even more bitter by the fact that, in order to achieve its unification, Italy had to despoil the Catholic Church of the Papal States, which included Rome itself.
             When Italy unified it began setting its affairs in order by permitting freedom of speech and religion and secularizing education and the press The Church fought adamantly against liberalism calling such ideals sinful, those partied to it were cursed for eternity. This decree was upheld because of the secular attitude of the Italian state and because the Church believed that Rome and rest of the former Papal States belonged to her. Until central Italy and Rome were returned to their rightful owner the government and its people were adversaries to the Church.
             The Government negotiated with the Vatican to settle the dispute. Nevertheless, the Vatican continued to harass the Italian State. Remarkably the terms presented to the Vatican were more than generous, and the Church and State could have reached an agreement satisfactory to both parties. However, the real motive behind the intractability of the Vatican, was that it wanted to harass, and eventually destroy, the newly born Liberal Italy, and substitute for it the Clerical Catholic Italy of the past
             Henceforth, the Church would forbid any individual from participating in the political welfare of their nation and exercising their democratic right to vote. Any who did so were excommunicated. The ban would not be rescinded until after the outbreak of World War I. It did so because of the prevailing attitudes of society and to the anti clerical motives which increased rapidly with the introduction of Socialism which had gained prominence.
             In 1922, the same year in which Pope Pius XI was elected Be...