etwork of Tinkerers: The Advent of the Radio and Television Receiver Industry in Japan", Yuzo Takahashi examines the history of the development of radio and television receivers in Japan during and after the WWII (World War II) with evidence that supports the claims by MacKenzie and Wajcman "The Economic Shaping of Technology" (1999, p 13). During the early stages of the radio industry when radio broadcasting began in 1925 by the Nihon Hoso Kyokai (NHK Tokyo Broadcasting Station) a few stores began to import radio receivers and components. Large manufacturers began production of radio receivers but the industry was not profitable for business since the market was too small, many inventors, hobbyists and small scale manufacturers established their own production facilities.
             The government saw the advantages in the popularization of the radio technology, especially in the promotion of science, technology and culture in Japan, but during that time there was not many listeners, "The public broadcaster and the government encouraged tinkerers and hobbyists to popularize radio in Japan" (Yuzo Takahashi, 2000, p 463). Since the radio sets build by tinkerers and hobbyists were greatly cheaper than sets build by large companies, the popularity of the radio increased rapidly and demand for cheap sets continued to grow, this illustrates MacKenzie and Wajcman's claim "To do so successfully he had to keep his cost as low as possible - not merely
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