Today, scientists are discovering new solutions for better feed, seed and food products by gaining through the scientific innovations in biotechnology, which is concerned with the forms of industrial production that use micro-organisms and biological processes. Genetic engineering, appeared as a new biotechnologies, refers to a set of technologies that are being used to change the genetic makeup of cells and move genes across species boundaries to produce novel organisms, is using in more various areas.
             Since ages ago, people had already known using yeasts, which is an organism with only single-cell, to make beer, wine, cheese and so on. However, although these techniques, which can be said that related to GE, were used all over the world and people gradually known more knowledge on yeasts and principle of its affection, scientists in that days still could not manipulate this technique to produce everything that they want due to the fact that they did not find the essence of it until 1953, when the structure of DNA was found by James Watson and Francis Crick. It looks like a spiral staircase, which has two deoxyribose chains as the sides of the staircase and the bases connected by hydrogen bonds. The molecule consists of two chains of nucleotides that contains sugar deoxyribose and four kinds of chemicals named adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, which are known as the bases. This had made the foundation of the development of genetic engineering. Later, in 1956, another important discovery, chromosomes which consist of DNA molecules, was discovered. It can help doctors determine the chances of getting genetic disease for unborn human fetus. One years later, Arthur Kornberg found the principle of how DNA works which is a significant step for deciphering the DNA code. By having stridden this step, scientists finally discovered another molecule of life, RNA, which is similar to DNA in many aspects except the sugar unit. Moreover, o...