uous reinforcement
             Reinforcement emphasizes what to do; punishment focuses on what not to do
             Recipient's subsequent behavior determines whether consequence is reinforcing or punishing
             Whether subsequent behavior is desirable or undesirable does not determine whether or not it was reinforced or punished
             Whether subsequent behavior increases or decreases determines whether it was reinforced or punished
             Results are not always what is intended
             Reinforcers are not always rewards for good behavior; undesired behaviors often reinforced
             Albert Bandura proposed social cognitive learning, alternative to operant conditioning (pp. 223-226)
             Results from watching, imitating, and modeling and does not require observer to perform any observable behavior or receive of any observable reward
             Complete opposite of Skinner's theory that only observable behavior important and that behavior shaped by environment through reinforcers and punishment
             Children saw adult strike, kick, etc. while yelling, "Hit him! Kick him!"
             Children who observed aggressive behavior later copied it when frustrated and doll available
             Children who observed aggressive behavior but did not copy it initially, later demonstrated same behavior when offered reward to do so
             Bandura achieved similar results in reducing fear of snakes subjects watching a live model handle a snake and then later imitating some of observed behaviors
             Experimental group scored average of 27 on 29-step approach scale compared to control group's 10
             Observational learning is also called modeling
             Learn to imitate by observing another's behavior
             Whose behavior we see reinforced (vicarious reinforcement) than model behavior we see punished
             4 processes of social cognitive learning:
             Observer must pay attention to what model says or does
             Observer must store information in memory
             Observer must be able to imitate model's behavior
             Observer mu...