hat all defense mechanisms have two characteristics in common. One is that they deny falsify or distort reality and secondly they operate unconsciously so that the person is not aware of what is taking place. (Hall, 1954) (2) Projection allows individuals to protect themselves from recognizing their own undesirable qualities by assigning them in exaggerated amounts to other people or in the case of managers, to subordinates or other work colleagues.
             Similarly, we also have positive traits, which we like in ourselves, which can also be projected. An example of this is a manager attributing future success to an interview applicant due to his or her resume indicating particular attention to spelling, presentation and neatness. (Tosi, Mero & Rizzo, 2000) (6) In this case the manager sees a resume reflecting qualities that the manager believes he or she possesses and extrapolates that to the applicant achieving similar heights within the organization as
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