ies were due to advancement in Neolithic technology, involving a switch from food gathering to food production. The more food that was produced, which was available for trade allowed more artifacts to come into cites. This stage involved agriculture and animal husbandry as well as, "pottery, textiles, polished stone tools, and versatile uses of wood, hides and bones". (6) p.11 Villages became popular places to live after the invention of the plow, the stone axe and the grinding stone. Trade of artifacts had to become available for villages to become large enough for urban scale. Water ways, soil management, storage, transport, housing and food preservation had to be developed. With these developments certain villages would become large enough to be called urban places, consisting of about 3000 people. (6) P12
             Technology plays a huge role in the formation of the early city; however without suitable conditions of the land technology was useless. Large amounts of water, was needed for irrigation systems by gravity flow, the climate had to be right for growing crops, and suitable living conditions. Transportation needed to be conducted by water, and roads or trails. Therefore it is no surprise that all early cities were formed on the tropical latitudes such as Mesopotamia and central Mexico, and the southern Mediterranean. (6) P.13
             With looking at the earliest cities we must ask, why the earliest cities were formed. The answer to the question of Why, is the same as it is today. The contribution to efficiency, pertaining to two fundamentals specialization and exchange, this also facilitates productivity. The city allows people to reduce transfer cost, and "to gain more form the work of others by exchanging more things at less cost". (6) P.15 With improving technology, productivity increased, and enabled more specialization and exchange. The earliest cities arose because people found it valuable to liv...