on of criminals; that they owed a debt to society but could be re-
             created by civil institutions as responsible members of society. Many
             considered the abolition of the death penalty to be a sister-movement to
             the abolition of slavery, as both beheld enlightenment-era presumptions
             about the nature of man. Beccaria inspired legal theorists to promote the
             creation of penitentiaries where criminals could be made to do penance'
             for their crimes. The older model, which still holds weight in the
             criminal courts of the United States, is one of retributive justice.
             This theory of criminal justice holds that punishments are justified
             on the grounds that the criminal has created an imbalance in the social
             order which may be addressed by retribution. This system is predicated on
             the principle of an Eye for an Eye,' because it is derived from
             Hammurabi's code. Hammurabi was a king of Babylonia who famously created
             the first written code of law, which was pre
             ...