the least harsh of male genital
             mutilations, consists of a single cut on the foreskin to draw blood or may
             consist of cutting completely through the foreskin in one area so the
             glands are partly exposed.[5] This practice existed among cultures along
             the East African coast, in Oceania, and Island Asia, and among a few tribes
             in the New World.[6] Circumcision consists of cutting or tearing away the
             foreskin of the penis and is widely practiced throughout the Old World
             desert belt and in many Sub-Saharan Central Asian and Pacific Ocean
             groups.[7] Skin stripping, the most severe form of male genital
             mutilation, was still practiced along the Red Sea coast in Arabia and Yemen
             well into the nineteenth century.[8] "Here, in an endurance ritual
             performed on a potential marriage candidate, skin was flayed from the
             entire penile shaft as well as from a region of the pubis" and any young
             man who could endure the procedure without showing emotion would receive
             The Australian aborigines practiced sub-incision, which consisted of
             cutting open the "urethra on the underside of the penis down to as far as
             near the scrotum," and was usually preceded by a circumcision ritual.[10]
             Interestingly, the further away from the region of origin, the less severe
             the mutilation practices. While the Red Sea area practiced skin stripping,
             the surrounding areas practiced only male circumcision and eastward across
             the Pacific, circumcision gives way to the practice of incision and the
             practice of genital mutilations were not found at all among the aboriginal
             Americas or Eastern Oceania.[11] Moreover, in regions where the ritual
             practice remained important to social institutions and emotional roots,
             "the pain of the mutilation was feared as a puberty/marital rite," and so
             the practice was shifted into infancy.[12]
             "According to biblical scripture, the Hebrews institutionalized the
             mutilations after the E...