pth
             of culpability, extenuating circumstances and so on. In this respect,
             then, the necessity of confidentiality is a consequentialist ethic. The
             value of requiring confidentiality across the board leads to the
             possibility of having an adversarial forum in which to ascertain
             culpability and mete out punishment.
             On the other hand, it might be argued that the same basis is equally
             non-consequential, at least in a societal sense. But are there any
             properties in the action of maintaining confidentiality itself that are
             intrinsic' Probably not. But if one is dealing in the arena of justice,
             then it is intrinsic, in fact, to ensure that every possible action leads
             ...