ll creatures are good as justification for that belief, he or
she must first be able to justify the belief that all people are good.
Thus, a foundational belief can not justify other beliefs unless it is
The second justification is, according to Empiricus, not really a
justification at all, because it is circular. In any attempt to mutually
justify belief sets, one ends up in an endless circle, with one belief
attempting to justify another, until the argument eventually relates back
to the original belief. For example, if a person believes all men are
good, based on the belief that all people are good, and justifies that
belief with the belief that all men are good, neither belief is ever truly
justified. The first belief depends upon the justification of the second,
and vice versa. In this way, one cannot justify either.
Finally, Empiricus explains why the last justification is impossible.
With a multi-level justification attempt, there is no real justi
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