s subject to the authority of a male bishop (Labarge, 1986).
Despite these similarities, Eleanor of Aquitaine and Hildegard of
Bingen enjoyed what Cantor (1994; 1999) characterized as fairly exceptional
lives, enjoying a degree of fame and autonomy few other women approached.
Eleanor was, for example, Duchess of the productive and vital Aquitaine in
her own right; she was the wife first of King Louis of France and later of
England's Henry I. Until she angered Henry by siding with her rebellious
sons in their struggle to wrest power from their father, she often served
as Henry's regent or justicar when he was abse
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