which article
             Results of this study was broken down into three different patterns
             and the results reflected that between the years of 1921 to 1948, that the
             number of articles that had deception ranged from zero to four. Results
             also showed that deception grew steadily from 1948 through 1968 and was
             above 50% in 1973 and 1979. Deception declined in the 1980s, but increased
             a little during the years of 1989 and 1994. The limitations with this
             study included attitudes and opinions, which could not be measured, and
             how manipulation of variables and deception played a part in research.
             Research Using Intentional Deception
             Deception in research occurs when researchers withhold information or
             misinform the participants purposely about the research. Deception gives
             false information about investigators or the purpose of the research or
             omitting information about the purpose of the research. Research that
             involves deception is justified in protocol, which shows that research
             cannot be performed without deception and the benefits of research will
             balance any risks that deception may create. Participants cannot be
             deceived about characteristics of the research that may affect their
             readiness to partake or cause harm. Informed consent cannot be given if the
             research presents deception. The methods of deception are bogus devices,
             false purpose of study, and false feedback. The purpose of th
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