tion of skins and plants was, instead, replaced with the manufacturing from by products of the day including bark, rags, and even hemp. Libraries, both personal and private, sprung up across the culture, preserving and spreading knowledge. In order to ensure that all people would be able to read the Qur'an and follow a devout Muslim lifestyle, the implication of mandated public education spread rapidly and propelled the spread of knowledge.
             The last Umayyad Caliph was assassinated in 750 C.E. This action left a power vacuum: one, which was filled by the Abbasids. The resulting Abassid Dynasty signifies the beginning of the Golden Age of Islam. The Abbasids made many influential contributions to the Islamic world. In the early days of their rise to power o
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