to be culturally determined (and only culturally determined), whereas in racism there is a belief that the disabilities are inborn. In practice, however, the cause of alleged disability is not always made explicit, and it is not always easy to distinguish between racism and ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is in reality a much more widespread phenomenon than racism. Indeed, it may be said to be almost universal. Members of nearly all the world's cultures regard their own way of life as superior to that of even closely related neighbours. The exceptions to the universality of ethnocentrism are some of the societies, often small illiterate ones, that have been conquered by more powerful ones and reduced to the status of a subject people. In some cases, after many years of oppression, some peoples have accepted their conqueror's derogatory views of themselves and flattering view of their masters. Under slavery, great numbers of American blacks, for instance, were psychologically conditioned to consider themselves inherently inferior. Unlike ethnocentrism, racism is far from universal. Ethnocentrism and racism are not mutually exclusive, of course: racist societies are almost invariably ethnocentric as well; people often feel superior to others on both racial and cultural grounds. Nevertheless, many highly ethnocentric societies are not racist. The term racial discrimination denotes all forms of differential behaviour based on race. The most notable form of racial
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