A. In the assessment of mental retardation, discuss the different functions of norm-referenced and criterion-referenced instruments.
             Norm-referenced: low IQ scores (~70-75 with mean = 100); Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised.
             Basically the function of any norm-referenced test is to compare your test scores to others. By using the results of an IQ test in conjunction with a test such as the Scales of Independent Behavior Revised, experts are better able to diagnose mental retardation.
             Criterion-referenced: Independent Living Behavior Checklist
             Basically the function of a criterion-referenced instrument is to assess skills. A test such as the Independent Living Behavior Checklist is designed to facilitate the training of
             the skills required for independent living.
             B. Define test bias. How does the concept of test bias differ from the concept of test fairness?
             "Test bias: in popular usage, a test is biased if it discriminates unfairly against racial and ethnic minorities, women, and the poor; technically, test bias refers to differential validity for definable, relevant subgroups of people" (p.616).
             "Test fairness: the extent to which the social consequences of test usage are considered fair to relevant subgroups; a matter of social values, test fairness is especially pertinent when tests are used for selection decisions.(p.616)"
             The differences of these concepts seem slight. However, a test can possess bias and still not be considered "unfair". The difference lays in how the test results are interpreted. For example, if a test was known to possess cultural bias and the results were adjusted to compensate the test may still be fair. It seems quite similar to a cause/effect relationship. In other words, if a cultural test bias occurs, then the test might be unfair.
             C. Describe the Armed Forces (Services?) Vocational Aptitude Battery and discuss
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