nd holds that everything in the universe is controlled by cause and effect. Every cause in the universe is caused by a previous effect resulting in a regression of causes which determines the future. This echoes the work by Aristotle. If we were able to work out all the previous causes and effects we would be able to predict the future. The 17th century physicist, Isaac Newton proclaimed that all objects are made up of material particles which are governed under the universal laws of motion and attraction. Other thinkers took Newton's ideas and applied them to humans. If we are governed under the laws of nature and physics then we are not autonomous beings who are able to make free moral choices and hence, it is impossible to
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