between receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotion and the initiation of smoking "concluded that there is a positive relationship between the two variables and that exposure to cigarette advertising can influence non-smokers to begin smoking and become addicted to cigarettes" (Lancaster Pp).
             Several studies have suggested that tobacco advertisers use magazines that reach children and young adults and others further argue that there is indeed a relationship between exposure to tobacco advertising and smoking among teens (Lancaster Pp). For example, one study found a positive relationship between cigarette brand selection and exposure to brand advertising among teenagers (Lancaster Pp). Joe Camel advertisements have been controversial for many years and several studies suggest that children are likely to recognize the Joe Camel character and associate it with cigarettes and some of the most heavily cited studies suggest that six-year-olds are more likely to recognize Joe Camel than Mickey Mouse, "and that recognition of a trade character is positively associated with age" (Lancaster Pp).
             While the major symptoms of addiction are dependence and powerlessness, advertisements for alcohol and tobacco stress freedom, independence, control and power, and divert attention by portraying the smoker or drinker as an independent man or woman who "dares to defy public opinion, to stand on his or her own" (Kilbourne Pp). Heavy drinking and smoking was once considered the province of men and were regarded as emblems of masculinity, however it did not take long for the alcohol and tobacco industries to recognize the potential for increased profits if they could expand the market to include women (Kilbourne Pp).
             In 1929 American Tobacco hired the "fa
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