legitimacy. He believes action and accumulation of material control provide the foundation that power rests on. Richard II presents both contrasting views and the results of each as the play's central theme.
             Shakespeare offers three different opinions concerning rule. John Gaunt and the Duke of York represent the older generation's ideology. Central to their beliefs was that the England and its monarchy are sacred. On his deathbed, Gaunt describes England as, "This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-paradise, This fortress built by Nature for herself." His characterization depicts England as a sacred land, the closest heaven is to earth. Because of their respect to the kingdom, both York and Gaunt put devotion to it and its tradition above all. Inherent to the old way of thinking was respect for hereditary-based transfer of power and possessions.
             Richard derives much of his support from his nobles' respect for natural succession and regard for him. He used being "God's substitute" to justify not only his place as King, but every action he takes. Unfortunately, Richard's unflinching belief in his own divinity blinds him from the practical realities and responsibilities inherent to effective rule. Divergent from Bolingbroke's thinking, Richard prefers to be loved than feared. Due to this philosophy, he subordinates himself to his subjects, exposing himself to disobedience.
             The lack of respect he receives is apparent from the first scene and becomes increasingly damaging as the play progresses. When confronted with two feuding nobles-Bolingbroke and Mowbray-Richard has
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